An endocrinologist is a doctor who specialises in the endocrine glands, the glands that release hormones and regulate the body's functions: growth, weight, energy, blood sugar, fertility and more. When these hormones get out of balance, the symptoms can seem unrelated, which sometimes delays diagnosis.

What does an endocrinologist treat?

  • Thyroid diseases: underactive thyroid, overactive thyroid and nodules.
  • Diabetes, type 1 and type 2, especially when it is hard to control.
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome and hormone problems in women.
  • Adrenal and pituitary gland disorders, which are less common.
  • Osteoporosis and some calcium disorders.
  • Growth and puberty problems in children, seen by a paediatric endocrinologist.

Signs that may point to a hormone problem

  • Persistent tiredness not explained by lack of sleep or stress.
  • Weight change without any change in diet or activity.
  • Intense thirst and frequent urination.
  • Palpitations, tremors, excessive sweating, or intolerance to heat or cold.
  • Swelling at the front of the neck.
  • Irregular periods, excess hair or acne in women.
  • Hair loss or dry skin together with tiredness.

These signs don't necessarily mean a hormone disorder: they have many other possible causes. But they deserve a consultation and a blood test rather than waiting.

The thyroid in brief

Thyroid diseases are among the most common reasons to see an endocrinologist, and they are more frequent in women.

  • Underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism): tiredness, feeling cold, weight gain, constipation, dry skin and general slowing down. It is usually treated with a medicine that replaces the missing hormone, with regular blood tests so the doctor can adjust the dose.
  • Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism): palpitations, nervousness, sweating, weight loss despite a good appetite, tremors. It needs a prompt medical assessment to find the cause and the right treatment.
  • Thyroid nodules: small lumps found during an examination or by chance on a scan. Most are benign, but they deserve an ultrasound and an endocrinologist's opinion.

If you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy and have a thyroid condition, tell your doctor early: treatment may need adjusting during pregnancy.

GP first, then an endocrinologist if needed

In most cases, a general practitioner is the best place to start: they listen to your symptoms, order the first tests and go through the results with you. Many conditions, such as a stable underactive thyroid or well-controlled type 2 diabetes, are followed up very well by a GP. They refer you to an endocrinologist when your situation needs a specialist opinion: unclear results, a thyroid nodule, diabetes that is hard to control, or a rare hormone disorder.

How to prepare for your consultation

  • Bring your recent test results, and older ones if you have them, for comparison.
  • Prepare a list of your medicines and supplements.
  • Write down your symptoms, when they started, and how your weight has changed.
  • If you have diabetes, bring your blood sugar log.

When to go to the emergency department

If you have diabetes: repeated vomiting with abdominal pain and fast breathing or confusion, severe low blood sugar that doesn't improve after taking sugar, or loss of consciousness. In these situations, call emergency services immediately.

Start with a general practitioner

You can see a GP by video to discuss your symptoms, get the right tests ordered and go through your results, then be referred to an endocrinologist if needed. Book your appointment at a time that suits you.